It is more complex than what you are saying. First, if you don't have a way to prove how you are making money, you are looking for problems. Why? Because you could be flagged by everyone that matters as a potentially tax-evader or money launderer. I mean.. I don't think you are doing it, but you could be earning money by selling drugs, guns or being involved in human trafficking. You could be doing this to try to enter ilegal money into the financial market. In my experience, you don't need to declare how you are making money, but you need to be able to show it if anyones points the finger and you and demands for explanations. Especially now in Argentina. Besides, all transactions are done using a Bank Account, no cash.
Regarding you other question, private companies -and also the government-, can issue stocks and bonds into the stock market. Some of them trade both in Argentina and for example, Wall Street. The thing is that they don't have the same value as you are stating, they are not ruled by the official price put in argentina (or US for that matter). It's done by the stock market, the amount of buyers and sellers that show how much they think a security it's worth. That's why one day Apple is trading at 700 USD and today is at 430. A stock dealing here at 800 ARS could be dealing in the US at 100 USD por example. Actually, an article from La Nacion from last friday showed that this type of transaction (contado con liqui) is trading at its historic maximum price of 8,25 (
Link). They are doing an average of course.
For example, let's say you buy stock from Tenaris in Arg at today's price, 167,50 ARS (
Link). This same stock, the ADR, is trading in US at 40,86 USD (
Link). You ask your broker in argentina to convert the local stocks into ADR. They will "forward" these stocks into your brokerage account in US so you can sell them there in NYSE or NASDAQ depending where is trading. The problem is that the convert ratio is not 1:1, in Tenaris's case, it's 2:1. This means.. if you bought 100 stocks in Arg, you will have 50 ADRs in USA. You had to pay 16,750 ARS for only 2,043 USD. A rate of about.. 8,19 for every dolar.
Of course, add the fees of both Argentina and the US brokerage companies because they are making money for each transaction. This is just a quick example.. but it can help you to see how it works. Banco Macro is trading in the US at 15,92 USD and in Argentina at 12,90 ARS.. but the conversion rate (I don't know if its called like this) it's 10:1. So.. this means a dolar at 8,10, really far from 5.
I hope this helps.
Regards..
