They are exactly that...checkpoints...they check for stolen cars, expired licenses, prohibited goods in transit (fruit, meats), etc.
I drove for 2 years on a foreign license, never had any issues with controls. The more important issue is whether your car insurance will cover you on a foreign license.
Cordoba, I have been told, is the most strict. They check to make sure you have a fire extinguisher, that it is not expired, that you have a body bag in your trunk for each passenger, that you have your vehicle inspection papers up to date, etc.