BNA/Official/MUyLC/Minorista: The official exchange rate executed via the
Mercado Único y Libre de Cambio. This is the rate that can be found in the bottom right of the BNA website with the compra/venta rates accordingly. This is the reference most banks/credit card companies in Argentina use, and then they add their margin on the rate to make a profit.
At time of writing, this is $1,200 ARS per $1 USD (venta) or $1,150 ARS per $1 USD (compra)
Cepo: as Lunar said, isn't an abbreviation but rather the concept of capital controls within Argentina. Contrary to what Milei and his fans like to imply, it remains, as some of the largest consumers of dollars, multinational companies and foreign direct investors are unable to repatriate funds via the
Mercado Único y Libre de Cambios, aka the "official" exchange rate regime.
Dolar Tarjeta: as you said, is for purchases made abroad, both in person and online. It's basically the BNA venta rate plus 30%. The 30% is in theory refundable if you're exempt from paying ganancias, but it can be impossible to get for some people (even those exempt from ganancias) so it's akin to giving the government free money, especially now that you can buy dollars via home banking.
At time of writing, this is $1,560 ARS per $1 USD (venta only, no compra rate exists)
Dolar Turista: unified with the dolar tarjeta as far as I know now; again, makes no sense since you can buy dollars via home banking, so don't do it.
Dolar MEP and CCL: These are
blue chip swap dollars; basically a broker buys/sells dual listed Merval/NYSE securities for the client to get them pesos or dollars as they need. It's subject to parking, so accreditation isn't immediate. The most common way is via AL/GD 30 Bond, and the broker does the work behind the scenes so it appears as if you're just buying/selling dollars. This was the most common legal way to get dollars prior to enabling the home banking dollar purchase again, and is still advantageous sometimes as the spread (difference) between the compra/venta rate is often less than that of the BNA dollar. This is also the exchange rate that Western Union uses (CCL) and Visa/MC/Amex (MEP) which is why credit card rates are lower that the official now because the MEP/CCL/BNA have all converged, and banks generally charge a fee for forex services.
At time of writing, this is $1,190 ARS per $1 USD (venta/compra; very little spread exists with this rate)
Dolar Mayorista: This is the wholesale dollar, basically what is called the interbank exchange rate in the US. If you Google 1 USD to ARS, this is the rate you'll see, the midpoint between the compra/venta rate banks and exchange houses offer each other and the BCRA in Argentina when moving generally millions of dollars. It influences the
Dolar Minorista which is is priced higher so banks make a profit.
At time of writing, this is $1,173 ARS per $1 USD (venta) or $1,182 per $1 USD (compra)
Dollars You Didn't Ask About:
Dolar Netflix/Steaming/Spotify: This is the rate you'll pay when using pesos to purchase subscriptions to Netflix/Spotify/Prime/etc. and includes the ganacias associated with the Dolar Tarjeta, PLUS the digital services tax, AND the provincial excise tax.
At time of writing, this is $1,812 ARS per $1 USD (venta only, no compra rate exists)
Dolar Crypto: This is the exchange rate get when exchanging stable coins pegged to the dollar such as USDC or USDT. Think of this as a digital dollar blue, but usually a bit better (at least in the last few months). It's mostly used for 3 main reasons: cheaper international transfers than SWIFT/better rates compared to banks (in either direction), tax evasion by Argentine remote workers/people with dollars in Argentina that want to send it abroad without telling ARCA, and money laundering.
At time of writing, this is $1,205 ARS per $1 USD (venta) or $1,207 ARS per $1 USD (compra)
Dolar Futuro: These are futures contracts that are set at a certain point in the future (generally from 1 month to a year from what I've seen) that let two parties agree to sell/buy dollars upon the expiration of the contract at a previously agreed upon price point. They're mostly used as a hedging mechanism given Argentina's macroeconomic history to ensure that entities have access to dollars at a known price point instead of having to guess/wait to see whether there will be a devaluation or not. Currently, the government has been breaching the spirit (but not the letter) of the deal with the IMF by intervening in this market to drive down demand for futures contracts, which in turn makes the current mayorista/minorista/BNA dollar more stable. Cristina and Axel got in to trouble monkeying around with dollar future contracts, so we'll see if Milei and Caputo make similar mistakes.
