I don't see how you can receive SMS if you don't have the SIM card and number that was registered with your bank. There are some ways of receiving the SMS on a phone (with the SIM) and then redirecting it to some application on a PC, for example, but you're still going to need the SIM.
I also don't believe a mobile phone emulation that you can run on a PC, like BlueStacks for Android, would handle this case (and you need the SIM to set it up initially anyway).
Receiving an SMS outside the US on a US SIM shouldn't be a problem, once you have roaming set up. It's transparent for your bank, they have no idea where your SIM is. You'll pay to receive the SMS of course.
The banking application on your phone might receive authentication codes (mine does), or maybe you can tell your bank you want auth codes sent by email.