I believe so. The visa requirement is based on your citizenship, not residency. If you are a US citizen or a citizen of a country that Brazil requires its citizens to apply for cosular visas, then you have to get one regardless of your residency status in Argentina.
From the Brazilian consulate web site:
Los
extranjeros con residencia regular en Argentina podrán ingresar a Brasil con los documentos listados siempre que, por motivo de su nacionalidad, la visa consular no sea requisito para ingresar. En este último supuesto deberá utilizar el pasaporte de su nacionalidad y visado correspondiente. Para saber si necesita visa, ingrese en vistos/visa.
http://www.conbrasil.org.ar/CONSBRASIL/info_para_tur_em_br.asp
This basically says that if you are a foreigner with residency in Argentina, you may enter without a visa (and just your DNI or any other approved ID), ONLY if, based on your nationality, you are NOT required to have a consular visa.
That would not apply for US citizens as we are required to have a consular visa to enter Brazil. Your DNI, whether permanent or not, will state your nationality.
List of nationalities that require a consular visa
Brazil seems to be a strong beliver of reciprocity towards inmigration and tourism. If your country of origin requires brazilians to have a visa to enter, then it is almost certain Brazil will require a visa from you also, and they may even try to make it as hard for you to get the visa, as your home country makes it hard for brazilians to get theirs.