I traveled from Salta to BA last week, having only entry stamp back in March on my passport. Here is what I did and happened. Remind you this is only domestic, interprovincial travel.
You can apply for permiso de circulación with your passport (sin DNI) at the same website for Argentine. I chose for "motivo de traslado hasta frontera habilitada," legimate enough, but you can choose for other reasons such as family reunion, assisting needed etc. My permiso was issued instantly, that means nobody is checking the date entered.
To enter CABA from other province, national permiso de circulación Is only requirement. Each province has different rule but I believe no provincial requirement from Cordova and you can apply for provincial permit of Salta with passport.
Some province also require Cuidar app. The police at Salta airport asked me for one but explained that I don't have DNI, they made me fill out a paper form of "declaración jurada - cuidar Argentina." Some other argentinos having trouble with Cuidar app were also filling it out. The police were merely glancing at papers just checking all have ID, permiso de circulación, and Cuidar App. They didn't even cross reference my name, passport number, or check reason for travel on my permiso, or entry stamp or visa.
Check in, security check, boarding was as usual or more organized only one flight a day. The flight was about 80% full.
Upon arrival at Ezeiza, there was absolutely no checkpoint, only passing through temperature check by thermography, just walk out free.